A rocket launch is a complex task. There are many components that are key for lift-off, launch path, possible abort areas and return to Earth (when applicable, twice!). Although mechanically, there could be hundreds of things on the checklist, weather plays a big part and ultimately has the last say in a launch.

It’s important to know that no two launches are the same. As the Space Coast continues to be busy with rocket launches that take cargo, astronauts, and satellites, the rules are different depending on what’s being taken up above, when it is taken and the type of rocket that is transporting it.

For example, the weather criteria for a Falcon Heavy rocket, SpaceX’s most powerful rocket up to date, which weighs almost 1.5 tons is going to be quite different than the weather criteria for a Falcon 9 rocket that weighs a bit more than half of a ton. NASA’s SLS, (Artemis Mission)weighs 2.8 tons!

And since the weather often changes, especially along Florida’s Space Coast, a weather call can be made even with 10 seconds left on the clock before launch time!

The key weather components for launches are clouds, rain, lightning, and wind.

Before launching there is tanking. Wind cannot exceed a certain limit when fueling. It is also important during this time that there are no storms nearby. Although the launch pad is equipped with lightning protection systems, which are the 600-foot tall towers that redirect lightning currents away from the rocket, safety must come always first for the staff that is working on the rocket.

For launch time, clouds are often the primary concern. The type and thickness of the clouds are important, not only at the launch site, but also any clouds that could be producing lightning nearby. There cannot be any rain at the launch site because this means that the clouds are thick and there could be ice.

Once in the air, the rocket can break through clouds and rain. However, the rocket’s friction could produce lightning. This could damage the rocket’s communications system or other equipment aboard, especially during liftoff.

Winds are crucial because they can tumble a rocket. The winds are not only measured at the surface but there are strict rules regarding how strong winds can be at higher levels depending on the type of rocket being launched.

Being that it is Florida, summer afternoon launches have a lower probability of launching due to a higher chance of nearby thunderstorms. But of course, the Squadron Launch Weather Office in charge of the launch will have the last word.